You read about a supplement that allegedly "Boosts your mood and
motivation!" That sure sounds good so your surf over to the company's web site.
The web site looks official--it's even got footnotes
citing scientific journals. You're ready to purchase the supplement online until
you ask yourself, "What if this supplement doesn't really possess any scientific
evidence for its efficacy? How can I tell the difference between supplements
with solid evidence for their reported benefits versus those lacking any
scientific support?"
which is a National Library of Medicine (United States) web site where you can
search for articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals.
Why check PubMed? Because the National Library of Medicine carefully selects
only high-quality journals that offer value to medical scientists around the world.
Selection criteria are detailed on this web page:
Step 2: Once on the PubMed web site, search for research articles using the generic (scientific) name of the supplement in
question. Supplement
manufacturers must list the scientific name for their supplement's
ingredients on the
label and in advertisements.
Supplements often contain many ingredients but usually only a few provide the
purported benefits. Those are the ingredients you want to evaluate--they
are often the same ones the manufacturer highlights in advertisements.
Step 3: This is the step some
supplement
companies don't want you to know. Before you click on the "Search"
button at PubMed.org, limit your search to studies that utilize the right
research methodology with the right population.
The right research methodology is a randomized controlled trial (the
double-blind, placebo control group design fits under this category) and the
right population is human beings.
Specifying human subjects is important because you want to know if the
ingredients in a
supplement have been shown to produce theadvertised benefits in real live
human beings--not just in rats pressing levers for food pellets or in a
"case study" with one person.
This is not to say that basic science research, which is often conducted
initially with animals, is unimportant.
On the contrary, such research usually serves as a crucial building block for
subsequent clinical
research with humans. But basic science research does not provide scientific
evidence for a supplement's beneficial health effects on human beings. Only
research with human subjects, using randomized controlled trials, can offer such
evidence.
On the PubMed.org search page, click on the "Limits" tab located under the
"Search"
box. You will see a number of drop-down menus. First click on the Publication
Type menu and then select Randomized Controlled Trial. Next click on
the drop-down menu labeled, Humans or Animals and click on Humans.
An Example Morinda citrifolia is the scientific name for a popular ingredient in a
nutritional supplement. First search on PubMed for Morinda citrifolia,
without placing Limits on your search.
How many results did you receive?
The
count was 69 at the time I wrote this article.
Looks impressive, huh?
But now search for Morinda citrifolia after first placing Limits on
the search as described above, so that you receive only those studies which
provide more definitive scientific evidence for the positive effects of
Morinda citrifolia.
How manyjournal articles did you find searching with the specified
limits? I found 1.
Thus, out of 69 articles found on PubMed.org, only one provides some
evidence for
Morinda citrifolia's beneficial effects.
It's great that this study exists because it could end up being one of several studies demonstrating that Morinda citrifolia provides health benefits. However, at the present time, the most one could say about Morinda citrifolia is something like, "One study has provided very preliminary evidence of Morinda citrifolia's health benefits with a narrowly defined patient group. Further controlled trials are needed to determine if this result will be replicated by other research groups working with different populations."
Conclusion
By using the "Limits" funtion on the PubMed.org search menu, consumers can identify supplements that lack scientific evidence for their efficacy.
Mark Worthen, Psy.D. is a Phi Betta Kappa graduate of the University of Maryland's Honors Psychology program. He was a Clinical Fellow, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and earned his Doctor of Psychology degree from Baylor University in 1990. In addition to his work as a psychologist, he earns extra income via Internet and network marketing.
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